Table of Contents
High Technology in Athletic Training and Performance
AnalysisByGideon Ariel, Ph.D.13th Asian Games Scientific
CongressBangkok Thailand
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Special Thanks to:Dr. Siriphol
M.D.Dr. Supit Ph.D.Ms. Siriporn MS
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KINEMATIC PROCESSING STEPS
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Under the auspices of the International Track and
Field Coaches Association, the track and field events which were performed at the Atlanta
Olympics in 1996, were selected to illustrate these procedures because these activities
uniquely captivate an enthusiastic world-wide audience
The purpose of the research conducted at the XXVI
Olympiad in Atlanta was to expand the biomechanical applications and the interactive
capabilities of the Internet to make sport performances rapidly available to everyone
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Essentially, in Internet terms, the entire process
consists of the following steps:
Utilizing the tools available in Cyberspace, the
Biomechanist, The Coach and the Sport Scientist can retrieve and display data as well as
documents from virtually anywhere on the planet. Studies can be conducted at multiple
locations and data rapidly exchanged among these sites.
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Procedures
There were 18 throwers during the qualifying round
and the best 8 athletes competed for the Gold medal in the final round.
Video cameras were placed in several locations to
maximize the data obtained for the event
Because the discus throw involves both linear and
rotary motion, the optimal data collection situation utilizes at least three cameras
placed appropriately so that none of the athlete's motion is obscured
Under normal conditions, a pre-measured calibration
device or scale factor is placed in the field of study, filmed, and used for subsequent
analyses
However, for this study, a unique difficulty was
encountered because there was no opportunity either to place a known scale factor in the
circle or to access the event location to directly measure objects located in the field of
view
Dimensions of known factors and various other
measured objects in the field of view were used for the calibration points
A unique technique which was devised to create a
calibration cube from known measurements on the field as well as utilizing the athletes'
body measurements
The average error in the 250 cm diameter dimension
determined for these 40 measurements was 2.88 cm (1.2%), for a subject to camera distance
of over 90 m
Considering the fact that calibration objects were
not allowed on the field, this method was found to be adequate under the circumstances and
deemed to be acceptable for this study. Since the variation in throws of the same athlete
is more then 10 percent, the error in measurement of less then 1.5 percent was acceptable
in the present study
Biomechanical Analytic Procedures
For each camera view, 21 data points were digitized.
The 21 points included 19 points for the athlete and 2 additional points located within
the throwing circle
body parts included the foot (5th metatarsal), ankle,
knee, hip, wrist, elbow, and shoulder for the left and right sides of the body as well as
the right hand, discus, base of the neck, mastoid process, and the top of the head and (2)
the hash marks located on the edges of the throwing circle on the left and right sides
were used for calibration verification
Results for the top four athletes, that is first,
second, third, and fourth places were selected for this study
The order of finish was: Riedel representing
Germany (GER) winning the Gold, Dubrovschchik from Belarus (BLR) finishing
second, the bronze medal was won by Kaptyukh from Bulgaria, and the
fourth place finisher was Washington representing the United States.
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The resultant release velocities calculated for the
best throws performed by the top four competitors in order of finish were 3080.1 cm/sec
for Riedel (GER), 2718.5 cm/sec for Dubrovschchik (BLR), 2599.0 cm/sec for Kaptyukh (BLR)
and 2498.0 cm/sec for Washington (USA).
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The projection angles in the YZ plane represents the
angle with respect to the horizontal were 21.9, 29.1, 37.3, and 29.9 degrees for Riedel,
Dubrovschchik, Kaptyukh, and Washington, respectively.
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The heights of release of the discus were 1.5 m, 1.75
m, 1.6 m, and 1.21 m for Riedel, Dubrovschchik, Kaptyukh, and Washington,
respectively.
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The elapsed times to complete the turns of the throw
were 3.0 seconds for Riedel, 2.3 sec for Dubrovschchik, 1.9 sec for Kaptyukh, and 1.6
seconds for Washington.
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Throwing Kinematics for Top Four Discus Performers at
1996 Atlanta Olympics
The combined effect of the projection velocity,
projection angle, and height of release resulted in medalist throws of 69.4 m (Olympic
record) by Riedel (GER), 66.6 m by Dubrovschchik (BLR), 65.8 m for Kaptyukh (BLR),
followed by 65.4 m for Washington (USA). The aerodynamic variable of angle of attack was
not determined for these throwing trials
KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A DISCUS THROW- A CASE
STUDY
Purpose:
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Methods
Phases of the Discus Throw:
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Differences:
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The Cyber Coach
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Author: Gideon Ariel Email: gideon@arielnet.com
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